Functional fitness and fall risk in older adults practitioners or non-practitioners of Tai Chi.

Tai chi is a fundamental tool that has a significant influence on balance, motor function and fear of falling among older adults. The objective of the study was to verify functional fitness and fall risk in older adults (OA) practitioners and non-practitioners of Tai Chi. An ex-post-facto study was carried out in practicing and non-practicing OA of Tai chi. The sample selection was non-probabilistic (convenience). Thirty-one adults with an age range of 65 to 80 years were studied. Two study groups were formed: Group practicing Tai Chi [GPT (n= 15 subjects)] and Group not practicing Tai Chi [GNPT (n= 16 subjects)]. Age, weight, height, waist circumference were assessed. Body mass index (BMI) and fat mass (FM) were calculated. Five functional fitness tests were assessed: biceps curl (30sec), Chair stand (30sec), agility (sec), 2min walk (#rep) and 6min-1 walk (m). Fall risk was measured using a 13-item scale. The GPT showed better performance in all five functional fitness tests (biceps curl, Chair stand, agility, 2min gait and 6min walk) compared to the GPT. The effect size (ES: ~0.20 to 0.48) and Cohen's d (~ 0.39 to 1.10) between both groups were medium to large. There were also differences between the mean values in fall risk between both groups (GNPT: 2.1±1.7points and GNPT: 4.7±1.9points, p<0.05). This study demonstrated that the group of OA practicing Tai Chi presented better levels of functional fitness and less risk of falling in relation to their counterparts who did not practice Tai Chi. These results suggest including this type of old-time exercise in physical activity programs that promote functional fitness wellness and fall prevention among OA.

Systematic review of the anthropometric profile of female futsal players 2010-2020.

The objective was to summarize the scientific literature on the anthropometric characteristics of female futsal players. A systematic review documentary study was carried out. SCOPUS, PUBMED and SCIELO databases were used to search for information on primary studies related to the anthropometric profile of women's indoor soccer (elite and non-elite). The keywords used were: futsal, female, anthropometry. The range of years for the search was from 2010 to 2020. To analyze anthropometric differences, two groups were formed: group A: elite and group B: non-elite. 31 primary studies were identified, 22 (71%) in Scopus, 5 (16.1%) in PUBMED and 4 (12.9%) in SCIELO. Three publication languages were considered (English, Spanish and Portuguese) and 6 countries were identified (Brazil, Spain, Iran, Turkey, Venezuela and Italy). Players in the elite group evidenced higher weight, height, and BMI relative to their non-elite counterparts. Discrepancy in anthropometric characteristics between elite and non-elite players was verified. These results suggest that in order to participate in competitions at the highest level in women's futsal, they should have greater weight, height and BMI than their non-elite counterparts.

Fat-free mass and maturity status are determinants of physical fitness performance in schoolchildren and adolescents

Abstract Objectives: The objective of the study was to verify whether (FFM), maturity status (MS) and chronological age (CA) are determinants of physical fitness performance, and to analyze FFM and physical performance aligned by CA and MS in children and adolescents. Methods: A descriptive correlational study was carried out in 863 schoolchildren. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), FFM, fat mass (FM), MS (Age at peak height velocity, APHV) were calculated. The physical tests of velocity 20 m, agility 5 m × 10rep, and horizontal jump (HJ) were evaluated. Results: The APHV was estimated in boys at 14.0 ± 0.36APHV and in girls at 11.96 ± 0.49APHV. The relationships between CA and APHV with FFM was r = 0.80 in boys and r = 0.44 to 0.45 in girls. The relationships between FFM and physical tests in boys were [HJ (r = 0.70), agility 5m × 10rep (r = -0.68), velocity (r = -0.61)] and in girls [HJ (r = 0.42), agility 5m × 10rep (r = -0.52), velocity (r = -0.20)]. The differences in FFM and physical fitness tests were more pronounced when aligned by APHV than by CA. Conclusion: It was verified that both FFM, CA, and APHV are determinants of physical fitness performance. In addition, the APHV should be introduced in physical education as a means of ranking physical performance among schoolchildren.

Fat-free mass and maturity status are determinants of physical fitness performance in schoolchildren and adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to verify whether (FFM), maturity status (MS) and chronological age (CA) are determinants of physical fitness performance, and to analyze FFM and physical performance aligned by CA and MS in children and adolescents. METHODS: A descriptive correlational study was carried out in 863 schoolchildren. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), FFM, fat mass (FM), MS (Age at peak height velocity, APHV) were calculated. The physical tests of velocity 20 m, agility 5 m x 10rep, and horizontal jump (HJ) were evaluated. RESULTS: The APHV was estimated in boys at 14.0 ± 0.36APHV and in girls at 11.96 ± 0.49APHV. The relationships between CA and APHV with FFM was r = 0.80 in boys and r = 0.44 to 0.45 in girls. The relationships between FFM and physical tests in boys were [HJ (r = 0.70), agility 5m x 10rep (r = -0.68), velocity (r = -0.61)] and in girls [HJ (r = 0.42), agility 5m x 10rep (r = -0.52), velocity (r = -0.20)]. The differences in FFM and physical fitness tests were more pronounced when aligned by APHV than by CA. CONCLUSION: It was verified that both FFM, CA, and APHV are determinants of physical fitness performance. In addition, the APHV should be introduced in physical education as a means of ranking physical performance among schoolchildren.

Predicción del porcentaje de grasa por medio antropometríaen niños y adolescentes de chile: propuesta de percentilespara su evaluación / Prediction of fat percentage by anthropometry in children and adolescents in Chile: proposal of percentiles for its evaluation

Introducción: El porcentaje de grasa es determinante enla evaluación de la atención primaria.Objetivo: Comparar ecuaciones antropométricas regio-nales que predicen el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC)con ecuaciones extranjeras y, proponer percentiles para va-lorar el % GC de niños y adolescentes de la región delMaule, Chile. Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio transversal (correla-cional) en escolares de la región del Maule (Chile). Se estudióa 1,126 escolares (588 hombres y 538 mujeres) con un rangode edad desde los 6,0 hasta los 17,9 años. Se evaluó la edad,el peso, estatura, circunferencia del abdomen, dos plieguescutáneos (tricipital y subescapular). Se calculó el índice demasa corporal (IMC), Índice Ponderal (IP, Índice Cintura-Talla(ICT), %GC por dos ecuaciones regionales y tres ecuacionesextranjeras (Boileau, Slaughter y Deuremberg). Resultados: Las ecuaciones regionales de chile presentaronvalores de 26,2±7,1%GC (ecuación 1) y 26,2±7,05%GC (ecua-ción 2) en varones, mientras que en mujeres reflejaron 33,6±4,72%GC (ecuación 1) y 33,6±4,70%GC (ecuación 2).Las ecuaciones extranjeras reflejaron valores similares en varo-nes, por ejemplo, de 19,3%±6,9%GC (Boileau), 20,1±8,7%GC(Slaughter) y 20,6±5,3%GC (Deuremberg), mientras que, enlas mujeres fue de 25,9±6,1%GC (Boileau), 25,2±8,8%GC(Slaughter) y 25,0±5,3%GC (Deuremberg). Hubo diferenciassignificativas entre las ecuaciones regionales con las ecuacio-nes extranjeras en ambos sexos (p<0,05). Los percentiles cal-culados fueron: (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75, P85, P90,P95 y P97). Los valores de %GC en las mujeres a edades avan-zadas (próximas a la adultez) oscilan entre 32 a 34%, y en loshombres entre 19 a 20%. Conclusión: Se evidenció que las tres ecuaciones extran-jeras de Boileau, Slaughter y Deuremberg no son aplicables amuestra de escolares chilenos, además, se desarrolló percen-tiles utilizando ecuaciones antropométricas para estimar el%GC desde los 6 hasta los 17,9 años.(AU)

Introduction: Fat percentage is determinant in primarycare evaluation. Objective: To compare regional anthropometric equationsthat predict body fat percentage (%BF) with foreign equa-tions and to propose percentiles to assess %BF in childrenand adolescents in the Maule region, Chile. Methodology: A cross-sectional (correlational) study wascarried out in schoolchildren from the Maule region (Chile). We studied 1,126 schoolchildren (588 males and 538 fe-males) with an age range from 6.0 to 17.9 years. Age, weight,height, abdomen circumference, and two skinfolds (tricipitaland subscapular) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI),Ponderal Index (PI), Height-Waist Index (WHI), %GC werecalculated by two regional equations and three foreign equa-tions (Boileau, Slaughter and Deuremberg). Results: The Chilean regional equations presented valuesof 26.2±7.1% WC in males, while in females they reflected33.6±4.7% WC (p<0.05). The foreign equations reflectedsimilar values in males, i.e., 19.3%±6.9%GC (Boileau),20.1±8.7%GC (Slaughter) and 20.6±5.3%GC (Deuremberg),whereas, in females it was 25.9±6.1%GC (Boileau), 25.2±8.8%GC (Slaughter) and 25.0±5.3%GC (Deuremberg).There were significant differences between regional equa-tions with foreign equations in both sexes (p<0.05). The cal-culated percentiles were: (P3, P5, P10, P15, P25, P50, P75,P85, P90, P95 and P97). The %GC values in women at ad-vanced ages (close to adulthood) ranged from 32 to 34%,and in men from 19 to 20%. Conclusion: It was shown that the three foreign equationsof Boileau, Slaughter and Deuremberg are not applicable to asample of Chilean schoolchildren. In addition, percentileswere developed using anthropometric equations to estimate%BF from 6 to 17.9 years of age.(AU)

[Development of anthropometric equations for predicting total body fat percentage in Chilean children and adolescents]. / Desarrollo de ecuaciones antropométricas para predecir el porcentaje de grasa corporal total en niños y adolescentes chilenos.

Introduction: Introduction: studying the percentage of body fat (%BF) in children and adolescents is very relevant, since a high level of body fat in childhood and adolescence represents overweight and obesity. Objective: to identify the anthropometric indicators related to %BF and to validate regression equations to predict %BF in children and adolescents using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Methods: a descriptive study (cross-sectional) was designed in 1126 schoolchildren (588 males and 538 females) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range ranged from 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height, two skinfolds (tricipital and subscapular and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), triponderal mass index (TMI), waist height index (WHtR) were calculated. Body fat percentage (%BF) was assessed by DXA scanning. Results: the relationships between Σ (Tricipital + Subscapular), TMI and WHtR with %BF (DXA) ranged from R2 = 52 % to 54 % in men, and from R2 = 41 % to 49 % in women. The equations generated for men were: %BF = 9.775 + [(0.415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35.084 * WHtR) - (0.828 * age), R2 = 70 %, and %BF = 20.720 + [(0.492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.354 * TMI) - (0.923 * age), R2 = 68 %], and for women: %BF = 8.608 + [(0.291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38.893 * WHtR) - (0.176 * age), R2 = 60 %, and %BF = 16.087 + [(0.306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0.818 * TMI) - (0.300 * age), R2 = 59 %. Conclusion: this study showed that the sum of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds, IP and WHtR are adequate predictors of %BF. These indicators allowed the development of two regression equations acceptable in terms of precision and accuracy to predict %BF in children and adolescents of both sexes.

Introducción: Introducción: estudiar el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) en niños y adolescentes es muy relevante, puesto que un elevado nivel de grasa corporal en la infancia y la adolescencia representa sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo: identificar los indicadores antropométricos que se relacionan con el %GC y validar ecuaciones de regresión para predecir el %GC de niños y adolescentes a partir del uso de la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA) como método de referencia. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 1126 escolares (588 hombres y 538 mujeres) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila desde los 6,0 hasta los 17,9 años. Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, dos pliegues cutáneos (tricipital y subescapular) y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice ponderal (IP) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) por medio del escaneo DXA. Resultados: las relaciones entre Σ (Tricipital + Subescapular), IP e ICE con el %GC (DXA) fueron de R2 = 52-54 % en hombres y R2 = 41-49 % en mujeres. Las ecuaciones generadas para los hombres fueron: %GC = 9,775 + [(0,415 * (Tr + SE)] + (35,084 * ICE) - (0,828 * edad), R2 = 70 %, y %GC = 20,720 + [(0,492 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,354 * IP) - (0,923 * edad), R2 = 68 %; y para mujeres: %GC = 8,608 + [(0,291 * (Tr + SE)] + (38,893 * ICE) - (0,176 * edad), R2 = 60 %, y %GC = 16,087 + [(0,306 * (Tr + SE)] + (0,818 * IP) - (0,300 * edad), R2 = 59 %. Conclusión: este estudio demostró que la sumatoria de los pliegues cutáneos tricipital y subescapular, el IP y el ICE son adecuados predictores del %GC. Estos indicadores permitieron desarrollar dos ecuaciones de regresión aceptables en términos de precisión y exactitud para predecir el %GC en niños y adolescentes de ambos sexos.

Physical growth of children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude: proposed percentiles based on age and sex / Crecimiento físico de los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada: percentiles propuestos en función de la edad y el sexo

Introduction: physical growth patterns and nutritional status of children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude are not applicable for clinical assessment of growth for diverse populations around the world. Objective: a) to compare weight, height and body mass index (BMI) variables with CDC-2012 references; b) to verify if BMI and/or ponderal index (PI) are applicable to children living at a moderate altitude; and c) to propose percentiles to assess physical growth by age and sex. Methods: a total of 5,377 students, ranging in age from 6.0 to 17.9 years, were evaluated. The students were from two geographic regions of moderate altitude in Peru (2,320 meters) and Colombia (2,640 meters). Weight and height were measured. BMI and PI were calculated. Weight, height and BMI were compared with CDC-2012 references. Results: males showed lower weight and height from age 11 to 17.9 years compared to CDC-2012. Females weighed less than the reference from 9.0 to 17.9 years. Female height was lower from 6.0 to 14.9 years; however, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, values were similar to the reference. As for BMI, there were differences in both sexes (in males, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, and in females, from 12.0 to 17.9 years). Age, weight and height explained BMI: between R2 = 17 and 83 % in males, and in females between R2 = 24 and 85 %. These same variables influenced PI in a lower percentage in both sexes: for males (R2 = 0.01 to 49 %) and for females (R2 = 0.01 to 18 %). (AU)

Introducción: los patrones de crecimiento físico y el estado nutricional de los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada no son aplicables para la evaluación clínica del crecimiento de las diversas poblaciones del mundo. Objetivo: a) comparar las variables de peso, estatura e índice de masa corporal (IMC) con las referencias del CDC-2012; b) verificar si el IMC y/o el índice ponderal (IP) son aplicables a los niños que viven a una altitud moderada, y c) proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico por edad y sexo. Métodos: se evaluaron 5377 estudiantes con edades que oscilaban entre los 6,0 y 17,9 años. Los estudiantes procedían de dos regiones geográficas de altitud moderada de Perú (2320 metros) y Colombia (2640 metros). Se midieron el peso y la estatura. Se calcularon el IMC y el IP. El peso, la estatura y el IMC se compararon con las referencias de los CDC-2012. Resultados: los varones mostraron un peso y una estatura inferiores de los 11 hasta los 17,9 años en comparación con la CDC-2012. Las mujeres pesaron menos que la referencia desde los 9,0 hasta los 17,9 años. La estatura de las mujeres fue inferior de los 6,0 a los 14,9 años; sin embargo, de los 15,0 a los 17,9 años, los valores fueron similares a los de referencia. En cuanto al IMC, se produjeron diferencias en ambos sexos (en varones, desde 15,0 hasta 17,9 años, y en mujeres, de 12,0 hasta 17,9 años). La edad, el peso y la altura explicaron el IMC: entre R2 = 17 y 83 % en los varones, y en mujeres entre R2 = 24 y 85 %. Estas mismas variables influyeron en el IP en un porcentaje menor en ambos sexos: para los varones (R2 = 0,01 a 49 %) y para las mujeres (R2 = 0,01 a 18 %). (AU)

Estimation of Pubertal Growth Spurt Parameters in Children and Adolescents Living at Moderate Altitude in Colombia.

Objective: Knowledge of the biological parameters of pubertal growth spurt allows verification of secular changes and exploration of the timing of puberty. The aim of the study was to estimate final height, age at peak height velocity (APHV), and peak height velocity PHV (cm/y) in children and adolescents living at moderate altitude in Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed in 2.295 schoolchildren from Bogotá (Colombia) with an age range from 5.0 to 18.9 years. Height (cm) was assessed. Preece-Baines model 1 (1PB) was used to make inferences about mathematical and biological parameters. Results: The five mathematical parameters estimated in general have reflected quality in the fit to the model, reflecting a small residual error. Final height was reached in boys at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm and in girls at 157.9 ± 0.2 cm. APHV was estimated at 12.71 ± 0.1 years in boys and 10.4 ± 0.2 years in girls. Girls reached APHV 2.2 years earlier than boys. In relation to PHV (cm/y), boys reached higher growth speed in height (7.4 ± 0.4 cm/y), and in girls it was (7.0 ± 0.2 cm/y). Conclusion: It was determined that final height was reached at 170.8 ± 0.4 cm in boys and 157.9 ± 0.2 cm in girls, and APHV (years) and PHV (cm/ye) were reached relatively early and with average peak velocity similar to Asian and Western populations. A large-scale longitudinal study is needed to confirm these findings.

Propuesta de percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez en niños y adolescentes chilenos / Proposal of percentiles to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status in Chilean children and adolescents

Introducción: durante la infancia y la adolescencia existe una gran variabilidad individual en el crecimiento y la maduración biológica, lo que resulta en diferencias en el tamaño, la forma y la composición corporal de los niños y adolescentes de edad similar. Objetivo: proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez (EM) en niños y adolescentes chilenos. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 7292 niños y adolescentes (4214 chicos y 3084 chicas) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila entre 6,0 y 17,9 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y el EM a través de una técnica antropométrica no invasiva basada en la edad cronológica y la estatura de pie. Se utilizó el método LMS para calcular los percentiles. Resultados: el EM calculado en los chicos se observó a los 13,7 ± 0,6 APVC (años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento) y en las chicas a los 12,1 ± 0,6 APVC. Se crearon percentiles para el peso, la estatura, la CC, el IMC y el ICE. Todas las variables antropométricas se incrementan conforme el EM aumenta en APVC. Conclusión: los percentiles propuestos son una alternativa para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del EM en los niños y adolescentes chilenos. Los resultados sugieren que esta técnica no invasiva puede aplicarse en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos. (AU)

Introduction: during childhood and adolescence there is great individual variability in growth and biological maturation, resulting in differences in size, shape and body composition in children and adolescents of similar age. Objective: to propose percentiles to assess physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status (SM) in Chilean children and adolescents. Methods: a descriptive (cross-sectional) study was designed in 7,292 children and adolescents (4214 boys and 3084 girls) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range was 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), waist-height index (WHtR) and SM were calculated through a non-invasive anthropometric technique based on chronological age and standing height. The LMS method was used to calculate percentiles. Results: the SM calculated in boys was observed at 13.7 ± 0.6 APHV (years of peak growth speed) and in girls at 12.1 ± 0.6 APHV. Percentiles were created for weight, height, WC, BMI, and WHtR. All anthropometric variables increase as MS increases in PHV years. Conclusion: the proposed percentiles are an alternative to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of SM in Chilean children and adolescents. The results suggest the use of this non-invasive technique to be applied in clinical and epidemiological contexts. (AU)

Association Between Endocrine Markers, Accumulated Workload, and Fitness Parameters During a Season in Elite Young Soccer Players.

The purpose of this study was to analyze differences between endocrine markers in soccer players, based on playing positions, and correlations between endocrine markers (testosterone, cortisol, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1), with accumulated workload training and fitness parameters [maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), countermovement jump (CMJ), and isometric maximal strength (1-RM) of the knee for hamstring (ISH) and quadriceps (ISQ) muscles] during early-, mid-, and end-seasons. Twenty-four elite soccer players under 17 participated in this study. The results showed that there was no difference between levels of the endocrine markers among the different positions of the players. Significant correlations were observed between endocrines parameters and fitness performance (ISQ, ISH, VO2max, and CMJ). Regression analysis showed that 1-RM and VO2max were the best predictors of endocrine markers. These findings demonstrated that the activity profiles of youth soccer players were not influenced by endocrine markers. Also, it may be assumed that endocrines levels can be used to better explain the physical capacities of this population. Finally, endocrines markers may help to predict changes in 1-RM and VO2max.

Physical growth of children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude: proposed percentiles based on age and sex.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: physical growth patterns and nutritional status of children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude are not applicable for clinical assessment of growth for diverse populations around the world. Objective: a) to compare weight, height and body mass index (BMI) variables with CDC-2012 references; b) to verify if BMI and/or ponderal index (PI) are applicable to children living at a moderate altitude; and c) to propose percentiles to assess physical growth by age and sex. Methods: a total of 5,377 students, ranging in age from 6.0 to 17.9 years, were evaluated. The students were from two geographic regions of moderate altitude in Peru (2,320 meters) and Colombia (2,640 meters). Weight and height were measured. BMI and PI were calculated. Weight, height and BMI were compared with CDC-2012 references. Results: males showed lower weight and height from age 11 to 17.9 years compared to CDC-2012. Females weighed less than the reference from 9.0 to 17.9 years. Female height was lower from 6.0 to 14.9 years; however, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, values were similar to the reference. As for BMI, there were differences in both sexes (in males, from 15.0 to 17.9 years, and in females, from 12.0 to 17.9 years). Age, weight and height explained BMI: between R2 = 17 and 83 % in males, and in females between R2 = 24 and 85 %. These same variables influenced PI in a lower percentage in both sexes: for males (R2 = 0.01 to 49 %) and for females (R2 = 0.01 to 18 %). Conclusions: children and adolescents living at a moderate altitude in Peru and Colombia diverge from the CDC-2012 physical growth patterns. In addition, PI is a new alternative for estimating weight in relation to BMI. The proposed curves for weight, height, and PI by age and sex could have greater implications in the control of child health programs and in clinical and epidemiological practices.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: los patrones de crecimiento físico y el estado nutricional de los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada no son aplicables para la evaluación clínica del crecimiento de las diversas poblaciones del mundo. Objetivo: a) comparar las variables de peso, estatura e índice de masa corporal (IMC) con las referencias del CDC-2012; b) verificar si el IMC y/o el índice ponderal (IP) son aplicables a los niños que viven a una altitud moderada, y c) proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico por edad y sexo. Métodos: se evaluaron 5377 estudiantes con edades que oscilaban entre los 6,0 y 17,9 años. Los estudiantes procedían de dos regiones geográficas de altitud moderada de Perú (2320 metros) y Colombia (2640 metros). Se midieron el peso y la estatura. Se calcularon el IMC y el IP. El peso, la estatura y el IMC se compararon con las referencias de los CDC-2012. Resultados: los varones mostraron un peso y una estatura inferiores de los 11 hasta los 17,9 años en comparación con la CDC-2012. Las mujeres pesaron menos que la referencia desde los 9,0 hasta los 17,9 años. La estatura de las mujeres fue inferior de los 6,0 a los 14,9 años; sin embargo, de los 15,0 a los 17,9 años, los valores fueron similares a los de referencia. En cuanto al IMC, se produjeron diferencias en ambos sexos (en varones, desde 15,0 hasta 17,9 años, y en mujeres, de 12,0 hasta 17,9 años). La edad, el peso y la altura explicaron el IMC: entre R2 = 17 y 83 % en los varones, y en mujeres entre R2 = 24 y 85 %. Estas mismas variables influyeron en el IP en un porcentaje menor en ambos sexos: para los varones (R2 = 0,01 a 49 %) y para las mujeres (R2 = 0,01 a 18 %). Conclusiones: los niños y adolescentes que viven a una altitud moderada en Perú y Colombia divergen de los patrones de crecimiento físico del CDC-2012. Además, el IP es una nueva alternativa para estimar el peso en relación al IMC. Las curvas propuestas para el peso, la talla y el IP por edad y sexo podrían tener mayores implicaciones en el control de los programas de salud infantil y en las prácticas clínicas y epidemiológicas.

Reference values of the body composition of young chilean soccer players / Valores de referencia de la composición corporal de jóvenes futbolistas chilenos / Valores de referência da composição corporal de jovens futebolistas chilenos

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze whether fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) should be evaluated by chronological age and/or biological age and propose curves to classify the body composition of young Chilean soccer players. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was developed. Six hundred and forty-two soccer players between 13.0 and 18.9 years of age were recruited. Body mass, height, trunk-cephalic height, and tricipital and subscapular skinfolds were evaluated. Biological maturation was determined using peak height velocity age (PHV) and the percentage of fat mass was estimated by regression equations. The reference percentiles were calculated using the LMS method. Results: The values of R2 were lower for chronological age (FM = 0.07% and FFM = 0.13%) than for biological age (FM = 0.31% and FFM = 0.50%). Eleven percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 and p97) were calculated for FFM and FM. Conclusion: Biological age (PHV) is a better predictor of FFM and FM than chronological age. The references proposed can be used to monitor the body composition of young Chilean soccer players. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic Study .

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar si la masa grasa (MG) y la masa libre de grasa (MLG) deben ser evaluadas por la edad cronológica y/o por la edad biológica, y proponer curvas para clasificar la composición corporal de jóvenes futbolistas chilenos. Métodos: Se elaboró un estudio descriptivo transversal. Fueron reclutados 642 futbolistas entre 13,0 y 18,9 años. Fueron medidas masa corporal, estatura, altura tronco-cefálica, pliegues cutáneos tricipital y subescapular. La madurez biológica fue determinada por la edad de pico de velocidad de crecimiento (EPVC) y el porcentual de masa grasa fue estimado por ecuaciones de regresión. Los percentiles de referencia fueron calculados por el método LMS. Resultados: Los valores de R2 para edad cronológica fueron menores (MG=0,07% y MLG=0,13%) en comparación con los valores para la edad biológica (MG=0,31% y MLG=0,50%). Fueron calculados 11 percentiles (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 y p97) para la MLG y MG. Conclusión: La edad biológica (EPVC) es un predictor mejor de la MLG y de la MG que la edad cronológica. Las referencias propuestas pueden servir para monitorizar la composición corporal de jóvenes futbolistas chilenos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio de diagnóstico .

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar se a massa gorda (MG) e a massa livre de gordura (MLG) devem ser avaliadas pela idade cronológica e/ou pela idade biológica, e propor curvas para classificar a composição corporal de jovens futebolistas chilenos. Métodos: Elaborou-se um estudo descritivo transversal. Foram recrutados 642 futebolistas entre 13,0 e 18,9 anos. Massa corporal, estatura, altura tronco-cefálica, dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular foram medidas. A maturação biológica foi determinada pela idade de pico de velocidade de crescimento (IPVC) e o percentual de massa gorda foi estimado por equações de regressão. Os percentis de referência foram calculados pelo método LMS. Resultados: Os valores de R2para idade cronológica foram menores (MG = 0,07% e MLG=0,13%) em comparação com os valores para a idade biológica (MG = 0,31% e MLG = 0,50%). Foram calculados 11 percentis (p3, p5, p10, p15, p25, p50, p75, p85, p90, p95 e p97) para a MLG e MG. Conclusão: A idade biológica (IPVC) é um preditor melhor da MLG e da MG do que a idade cronológica. As referências propostas podem servir para monitorar a composição corporal de jovens futebolistas chilenos. Nível de evidência II; Estudo de diagnóstico .

Relationship between muscular fitness and bone health in young baseball players.

The physical actions developed by baseball players can increase muscular fitness, and consequently improve bone health. The objective was to relate some indicators of muscular fitness to bone health in young baseball players. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 102 children and adolescent baseball players of the Brazilian National Team. The age range ranged from 9.0 to 15.0 years, the average chronological age was 12.2±2.2 years and the maturity status was 14.8±0.5 APHV (age at peak height velocity). Anthropometry, body composition [% fat, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM)], physical tests [horizontal jump (HJ) and medicine ball throw (MBT)] bone health was estimated by anthropometry [bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC)]. There was positive and significant correlation between bone health with FFM (r2= 89%) and with muscle strength tests (HJ and MBT) (R2= 55 to 75%). Young baseball players classified with low bone health level, reflected decreased values of FFM, HJ and MBT, in relation to young players classified with moderate and high bone health level (p<0.05). It was shown that good bone health is a consequence of a greater presence of muscular fitness, as a result of increased physical activity. These results suggest that emphasis should be placed on those young people who present a greater risk of having low BMD and BMC.

[Proposal of percentiles to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status in Chilean children and adolescents]. / Propuesta de percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez en niños y adolescentes chilenos.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: during childhood and adolescence there is great individual variability in growth and biological maturation, resulting in differences in size, shape and body composition in children and adolescents of similar age. Objective: to propose percentiles to assess physical growth and body adiposity as a function of maturity status (SM) in Chilean children and adolescents. Methods: a descriptive (cross-sectional) study was designed in 7,292 children and adolescents (4214 boys and 3084 girls) from the Maule region (Chile). The age range was 6.0 to 17.9 years. Weight, height and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), waist-height index (WHtR) and SM were calculated through a non-invasive anthropometric technique based on chronological age and standing height. The LMS method was used to calculate percentiles. Results: the SM calculated in boys was observed at 13.7 ± 0.6 APHV (years of peak growth speed) and in girls at 12.1 ± 0.6 APHV. Percentiles were created for weight, height, WC, BMI, and WHtR. All anthropometric variables increase as MS increases in PHV years. Conclusion: the proposed percentiles are an alternative to evaluate physical growth and body adiposity as a function of SM in Chilean children and adolescents. The results suggest the use of this non-invasive technique to be applied in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: durante la infancia y la adolescencia existe una gran variabilidad individual en el crecimiento y la maduración biológica, lo que resulta en diferencias en el tamaño, la forma y la composición corporal de los niños y adolescentes de edad similar. Objetivo: proponer percentiles para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del estado de madurez (EM) en niños y adolescentes chilenos. Métodos: se diseñó un estudio descriptivo (transversal) en 7292 niños y adolescentes (4214 chicos y 3084 chicas) de la región del Maule (Chile). El rango de edad oscila entre 6,0 y 17,9 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y la circunferencia de la cintura (CC). Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y el EM a través de una técnica antropométrica no invasiva basada en la edad cronológica y la estatura de pie. Se utilizó el método LMS para calcular los percentiles. Resultados: el EM calculado en los chicos se observó a los 13,7 ± 0,6 APVC (años de pico de velocidad de crecimiento) y en las chicas a los 12,1 ± 0,6 APVC. Se crearon percentiles para el peso, la estatura, la CC, el IMC y el ICE. Todas las variables antropométricas se incrementan conforme el EM aumenta en APVC. Conclusión: los percentiles propuestos son una alternativa para evaluar el crecimiento físico y la adiposidad corporal en función del EM en los niños y adolescentes chilenos. Los resultados sugieren que esta técnica no invasiva puede aplicarse en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos.

Maximum Expiratory Flow of Children and Adolescents Living at Moderate Altitudes: Proposed Reference Values.

(1) Background: Spirometry is useful for diagnosing and monitoring many respiratory diseases. The objectives were: (a) compare maximum expiratory flow (MEF) values with those from international studies, (b) determine if MEF should be evaluated by chronological age and/or maturity, (c) develop reference norms for children, and adolescents. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed with 3900 subjects ages 6.0 and 17.9 years old. Weight, standing height, sitting height, and MEF were measured. Length of the lower limbs, body mass index (BMI), and age of peak height velocity growth (APHV) were calculated. (3) Results: Values for the curves (p50) for females of all ages from Spain and Italy were higher (92 to 382 (L/min)) than those for females from Arequipa (Peru). Curve values for males from Spain and Italy were greater [70 to 125 (L/min)] than the males studied. MEF values were similar to those of Chilean students ages 6 to 11. However, from 12 to 17 years old, values were lower in males (25 to 55 (L/min)) and in females (23.5 to 90 (L/min)). Correlations between chronological age and MEF in males were from (r = 0.68, R2 = 0.39) and in females from (r = 0.46, R2 = 0.21). Correlations between maturity (APHV) and MEF for males were from (r = 0.66, R2 = 0.44) and for females (r = 0.51, R2 = 0.26). Percentiles were calculated for chronological age and APHV. Conclusion: Differences occurred in MEF when compared with other geographical regions of the world. We determined that maturity may be a more effective indicator for analyzing MEF. Reference values were generated using chronological age and maturity.

[Estimation of fat mass by anthropometric indicators in young people with Down syndrome]. / Estimación de la masa grasa por medio de indicadores antropométricos en jóvenes con síndrome de Down.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the assessment of body composition is relevant and useful for designing interventions for healthy lifestyles and nutritional strategies. Objective: our goal was to verify the relationships between adiposity indicators with fat mass (FM), and to validate equations that allow predicting FM in young people with Down syndrome (SD). Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out in 48 young people with DS (24 men and 24 women). Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were evaluated. Body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist-to-hip index (WHI), and waist-to-height index (WHtR) were calculated. FM was evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: age in men was 19.3 ± 3.0 years, and in women it was 18.9 ± 1.9 years; weight was 73.6 ± 14.3 kg in men and 75.8 ± 20.3 kg in women, and height in men was 168.9 ± 6.5 cm, and in women it was 156.3 ± 6.2 cm. In males the correlations between FM (DXA) with BMI, WC, HC, WHtR, BAI and WHtR ranged from r = 0.01 to r = 0.89, and in females from r = 0.10 to r = 0.97. The highest correlations were observed with BMI and WC in both sexes (males r = 0.78 to 0.92, and females r = 0.83 to 0.97). Regression equations were generated to estimate FM in males (R2 = 84 %) and in females (R2 = 96 %). Percentiles were calculated for MG per DXA and for each equation. Conclusions: there were significant positive correlations between BMI and WC with FM. These indicators were decisive for developing equations that estimate FM in young people with DS. The results suggest its potential use and application to evaluate, classify and monitor body fat levels in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la evaluación de la composición corporal es relevante y útil para diseñar intervenciones de estilos de vida saludables y estrategias nutricionales. Objetivos: verificar las relaciones existentes entre los indicadores de adiposidad y la masa grasa (MG), y validar ecuaciones que permitan predecir la MG en jóvenes con síndrome de Down (SD). Métodos: se efectuó un estudio transversal en 48 jóvenes con SD (24 hombres y 24 mujeres). Se evaluaron el peso, la estatura, la circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y la circunferencia de la cadera (CCa). Se calcularon el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice de adiposidad corporal (IAC), el índice cintura-cadera (ICC) y el índice cintura-estatura (ICE). Se evaluó la MG mediante absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía (DXA). Resultados: la edad de los hombres era de 19,3 ± 3,0 años y la de las mujeres de 18,9 ± 1,9 años; el peso era de 73,6 ± 14,3 kg en los hombres y de 75,8 ± 20,3 kg en las mujeres; finalmente, la estatura de los hombres era de 168,9 ± 6,5 cm y la de las mujeres de 156,3 ± 6,2 cm. En los hombres, las correlaciones entre la MG (DXA) y los parámetros IMC, CC, CCa, ICE, IAC e ICE oscilaron entre r = 0,01 y r = 0,89; en las mujeres, entre r = 0,10 y r = 0,97. Las correlaciones más altas se observaron con el IMC y la CC en ambos sexos (hombres, r = 0,78 a 0,92 y mujeres, r = 0,83 a 0,97). Se generaron ecuaciones de regresión para estimar la MG en los hombres (R2 = 84 %) y en las mujeres (R2 = 96 %). Se calcularon los percentiles de MG según la DXA y con cada ecuación. Conclusiones: hubo correlaciones positivas significativas del IMC y la CC con la MG. Estos indicadores fueron determinantes para desarrollar ecuaciones que estiman la MG de los jóvenes con SD. Los resultados sugieren su uso y aplicación para evaluar, clasificar y monitorizar los niveles de adiposidad corporal en contextos clínicos y epidemiológicos.

Comparison of Anthropometric Indicators That Assess Nutritional Status From Infancy to Old Age and Proposal of Percentiles for a Regional Sample of Chile.

Objectives: Anthropometric variables are used to evaluate health, dietary status, disease risks, and changes in body composition. The purpose of this study was to compare weight, height, and Body Mass Index (BMI) with American references from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS-2012), using BMI and Tri-Ponderal Mass Index (TMI) to propose percentiles for evaluating nutritional status of children, adolescents, and adults, ages 5-80 years old. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 15,436 (8,070 males and 7,366 females) children, youths and adults in the Maule region (Chile). The age range ranged from 5.0 to ~80 years of age. Weight and height were assessed. Body mass index BMI and tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) were calculated. The LMS method was used to generate percentiles. Results: The results illustrated that children were heavier and had more BMI during childhood compared to the NCHS references. During adolescence, reference values were greater until approximately ages 70-79. For height, children were relatively similar to those of the NCHS references, but during adolescence, differences became evident. Adolescence until approximately age 80, the population showed lower values for height. Percentiles were calculated using BMI and TMI by age range and sex. Differences occurred between the American NCHS references and the population with regard to the anthropometric variables of weight, height, and in BMI. Conclusion: Discrepancies with the American NCHS reference were verified in the anthropometric variables of weight, height and BMI. Reference percentiles of BMI and TMI were developed for the evaluation of the nutritional status of the regional population of Maule (Chile). Its use is suggested in clinical and epidemiological contexts.

Crecimiento físico y composición corporal de jóvenes beisbolistas brasileros por edad cronológica y estado de madurez / Physical growth and body composition of young Brazilian baseball players by chronological age and maturity stage

Introducción: El crecimiento físico (CF), maduración biológica (MB) y la composición corporal (CC) son indicadores de salud que deben ser controlados para detectar anomalías individuales y para la selección y detección de talentos deportivos. El objetivo fue verificar si los parámetros de CF y la CC de jóvenes beisbolistas deben ser analizados por estado de madurez antes que por edad cronológica como lo sugieren las investigaciones. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo transversal en102 niños y adolescentes Beisbolistas de 9.0 a 15.0 años. La selección de la muestra fue no probabilística (conveniencia). Se evaluó el peso, la estatura de pie, estatura sentada, pliegues tricipital, subscapular. Se calculó el estado de madurez por la técnica antropométrica de Mirwald. El porcentaje de grasa (%G), masa grasa (MG) y masa libre de grasa (MLG) fueron estimados por ecuaciones de regresión. Resultados: El promedio de edad cronológica fue de 12,2±2,2 años, el estado de madurez fue alcanzado a los 14,8±0,5APVC y los años de experiencia en la modalidad deportiva fue de 5,6±2,2 años. Se determinaron 5 niveles de estado de madurez: -4APVC, -3APVC, -2APVC, -1APVC Y 0APVC. Los niños clasificados como púberes reflejaron valores superiores de peso, estatura, MG y MLG en comparación con los pre púberes (p<0,05).Conclusión: El estudio demostró que la evaluación del estado de madurez en jóvenes beisbolistas por medio de una técnica antropométrica no-invasiva es esencial para disminuirlos factores de confusión ocasionados por la edad cronológica, principalmente cuando se estudia el CF y la CC durante la adolescencia. (AU)

Introduction: Physical growth (FC), biological maturation (BM) and body composition (BC) are health indicators that should be monitored to detect individual abnormalities and for the selection and detection of sports talent. The objective was to verify whether the parameters of FC and CC of young baseball players should be analyzed by maturity status rather than by chronological age as suggested by research. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 102 children and adolescent baseball players aged 9.0 to 15.0 years. The sample selection was non-probabilistic (convenience). Weight, standing height, sitting height, tricipital and subscapular folds were evaluated. Maturity status was calculated by the Mirwald anthropometric technique. Fat percentage (%G), fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated by regression equations. Results: The average chronological age was 12.2±2.2 years, the maturity stage was reached at 14.8±0.5APVC and the years of experience in the sport modality was 5.6±2.2 years. Five levels of maturity status were determined: -4APVC, -3APVC, -2APVC, -1APVC and 0APVC. Children classified as pubertal reflected higher values of weight, height, MG and GLM compared to pre-pubertal (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the evaluation of maturity status in young baseball players by means of a non-invasive anthropometric technique is essential to reduce the confounding factors caused by chronological age, mainly when CF and CC are studied during adolescence. (AU)

Relación entre aptitud aeróbica con indicadores de adiposidad corporal en adolescentes de ambos sexos / Aptitud aeróbica con indicadores de adiposidad corporal en adolescentes

Introducción: La aptitud aeróbica es considerada como un indicador de salud que se relaciona con la adiposidad corporal. La dieta, nivel de actividad física, sedentarismo y la salud psicológica podrían influir en esa relación. Objetivo: Relacionar la aptitud aeróbica con cinco indicadores de adiposidad corporal en adolescentes de ambos sexos. Material y Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 200 adolescentes de 14 a 17 años de edad (140 hombres y 60 mujeres). La selección de la muestra fue no-probabilística (cuotas). Se evaluó las mediadas antropométricas (peso, estatura, circunferencia de la cintura), se calculó los índices de adiposidad (Índice de masa corporal, índice ponderal, índice cintura-estatura y masa grasa). Se evaluó la aptitud aeróbica por medio de la prueba de indirecta de campo ida y vuelta de 20m (L/min-1 y ml/kg-1/min-1). La clasificación se efectuó a partir del Vo2max relativo según edad y sexo: Muy bajo (p80). Resultados: En hombres se observó diferencias significativas entre las categorías de aptitud aeróbica muy alto y alto vs muy baja y baja en todos los indicadores de adiposidad corporal (p<0,05). En mujeres las diferencias fueron significativas entre la capacidad aeróbica muy alta con baja y muy baja (p<0,05), y capacidad aeróbica alta vs muy baja (p<0,05). Las asociaciones fueron negativas en cinco indicadores de adiposidad en hombres (IMC, IP, CC ICE y MG, R2= 16 a 19%) y en cuatro indicadores de adiposidad en las mujeres (IMC, IP, CC e ICE, R2= 16 a 21%). Conclusión: Se demostró relación negativa entre la aptitud aeróbica (VO2máx) y los indicadores antropométricos de adiposidad corporal, además los adolescentes clasificados con elevados niveles de consumo máximo de oxígeno reflejaron adecuados valores de adiposidad corporal. (AU)

Introduction: Aerobic fitness is considered a healthindicator that is related to body fat. Diet, level of physicalactivity, sedentariness and psychological health could influencethis relationship. Objective: To relate aerobic fitness with five indicators ofbody fat in adolescents of both sexes. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive studywas carried out on 200 adolescents between 14 and 17 yearsof age (140 males and 60 females). The selection of the samplewas non-probabilistic (quotas). Anthropometric measurementswere evaluated (weight, height, waist circumference), adiposityindexes were calculated (body mass index, weight index, waist-height index, and fat mass). Aerobic fitness was evaluated bymeans of the 20m shuttle run test (L/min-1 and mL·kg-1·min-1).The classification was made from the relative VO2max accordingto age and sex: Very low (p80). Results: In men, significant differences were observedbetween the categories of very high and high vs. very low andlow aerobic fitness in all indicators of body fat (p<0.05). Inwomen the differences were significant between very highaerobic capacity with low and very low (p<0.05), and high vsvery low aerobic capacity (p<0.05). The associations werenegative in five indicators of adiposity in men (BMI, PI, WC,WHIR and FM, R2= 16 to 19%) and in four indicators ofadiposity in women (BMI, PI, WC and WHIR, R2= 16 to 21%). Conclusion: It was demonstrated negative relationbetween aerobic aptitude (VO2max) and anthropometricindicators of body adiposity, besides, adolescents classifiedwith high levels of maximum oxygen consumption reflectedlow values of body adiposity. (AU)